Hystrix熔断器
内容纲要
一 概念
分布式系统面临的问题
复杂分布式体系结构中的应用程序 有数10个依赖关系,每个依赖关系在某些时候将不可避免地失败
服务雪崩
多个微服务之间调用的时候,假设微服务A调用微服务B和微服务C,微服务B和微服务C又调用其它的微服务,这就是所谓的“扇出”。如果扇出的链路上某个微服务的调用响应时间过长或者不可用,对微服务A的调用就会占用越来越多的系统资源,进而引起系统崩溃,所谓的“雪崩效应”
对于高流量的应用来说,单- 的后端依赖可能会导致所有服务器上的所有资源都在几秒钟内饱和。比失败更糟糕的是,这些应用程序还可能导致服务之间的延迟增加,备份队列,线程和其他系统资源紧张,导致整个系统发生更多的级联故障。这些都表示需要对故障和延迟进行隔离和管理,以便单个依赖关系的失败,不能取消整个应用程序或系统。所以,通常当你发现一个模块 下的某个实例失败后,这时候这个模块依然还会接收流量,然后这个有问题的模块还调用了其他的模块,这样就会发生级联故障,或者叫雪崩。
Hystrix是什么
Hystrix是一个用于处理分布式系统的延迟和容错的开源库, 在分布式系统里,许多依赖不可避免的会调用失败,比如超时、异常等,Hystrix能够保证在- -个依赖出问题的情况下,不会导致整体服务失败,避免级联故障,以提高分布式系统的弹性。
“断路器”本身是一种开关装置,当某个服务单元发生故障之后,通过断路器的故障监控(类似熔断保险丝),向调用方返回一个符合预期的、可处理的备选响应(FallBack) , 而不是长时间的等待或者抛出调用方无法处理的异常,这样就保证了服务调用方的线程不会被长时间、不必要地占用,从而避免了故障在分布式系统中的蔓延,乃至雪崩。
功能
- 服务降级
- 服务熔断
- 接近实时的监控
官网资料
https://github.com/Netflix/hystrix/wiki
Hystrix官宣,停更进维
- 被动修复bug
- 不接受合并请求
- 不再发布新版本
二 HyStrix重要概念
服务降级(fallback)
服务器忙,请稍后再试,不让客户端等待并立刻返回一个友好提示,fallback
那些情况会发生降级
- 程序运行异常
- 超时
- 服务熔断触发服务降级
- 线程池/信号量也会导致服务降级
服务熔断(break)
类比保险丝达到最大服务访问后,直接拒绝访问,拉闸限电,然后调用服务降级的方法并返回友好提示
相当于一个保险 : 服务的降级->进而熔断->恢复调用链路服务限流(flowlimit)
秒杀高并发等操作,严禁一窝蜂的过来拥挤,大家排队,一秒钟N个,有序进行
hystrix案列
构建
- 新建cloud-provider-hystrix-payment8001
- pom
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>cloud2020</artifactId>
<groupId>fun.afterglow.springcloud</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>cloud-provider-hystrix-payment8001</artifactId>
<dependencies>
<!--hystrix-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--eureka client-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>fun.afterglow.springcloud</groupId>
<artifactId>cloud-api-commons</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--监控-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--热部署-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
- yml
server:
port: 8001
spring:
application:
name: cloud-provider-hystrix-payment
eureka:
client:
register-with-eureka: true
fetch-registry: true
service-url:
# defaultZone: http://eureka7001.com:7001/eureka,http://eureka7002.com:7002/eureka
defaultZone: http://eureka7001.com:7001/eureka
- 主启动类
package com.atguigu.springcloud;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class PaymentHystrixMain8001 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(PaymentHystrixMain8001.class, args);
}
}
- 业务类
- service
package fun.afterglow.springcloud.service;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@Service
public class PaymentService {
/**
* 正常访问ok的方法
*
* @param id
* @return
*/
public String paymentInfo_OK(Integer id) {
return "线程池:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "paymentInfo_OK,id:" + id;
}
/**
* 产生超时报错
*
* @param id
* @return
*/
public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(Integer id) {
int timeoutnummber = 3;
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(timeoutnummber);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "线程池:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "paymentInfo_TimeOut,id:" + id + "耗时" + timeoutnummber + "s";
}
}
- controller
package fun.afterglow.springcloud.controller;
import fun.afterglow.springcloud.service.PaymentService;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
@RestController
@Slf4j
public class PaymentCotroller {
@Resource
private PaymentService paymentService;
@Value("${server.port}")
private String seriverPort;
@GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}")
public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) {
String result = paymentService.paymentInfo_OK(id);
System.out.println("result" + result);
return result;
}
@GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/out/{id}")
public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) {
String result = paymentService.paymentInfo_TimeOut(id);
System.out.println("result" + result);
return result;
}
}
- 正常测试
- 启动eureka7001
- 启动eureka-provider-hystrix-payment8001
- 访问
- success的方法 : http://localhost:8001/payment/hystrix/ok/31
- 每次调用耗费5秒钟 : http://localhost:8001/payment/hystrix/timeout/31
- 上述module均OK : 以上述为根基平台,从正确->错误->降级熔断->恢复
高并发测试
- Jmeter压测测试
- 开启Jmeter,来20000个并发压死8001,20000个请求都去访问paymentInfo_TimeOut服务
- 再来一个访问 : http://localhost:8001/payment/hystrix/timeout/31
- 看演示结果
- 两个都在转圈圈
- 为什么会被卡死 : tomcat的默认工作线程数被打满了,没有多余的线程来分解压力和处理
- Jmeter压测结论 : 上面还只是服务提供者8001自己测试,假如此时外部的消费者80也来访问,那消费者只能干等,最终导致消费端80不满意,服务端8001直接被拖死
- 看热闹不嫌弃事大,80新建加入 : cloud-consumer-feign-hystrix-order80
- pom
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>cloud2020</artifactId>
<groupId>fun.afterglow.springcloud</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>cloud-consumer-feign-hystrix-order80</artifactId>
<dependencies>
<!--openfeign-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--eureka client-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>fun.afterglow.springcloud</groupId>
<artifactId>cloud-api-commons</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--监控-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--热部署-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
- yml
server:
port: 80
eureka:
client:
register-with-eureka: false
fetch-registry: true
service-url:
defaultZone: http://eureka7001.com:7001/eureka,http://eureka7002.com:7002/eureka,http://eureka7003.com:7003/eureka
- 业务类
***********Service************
package fun.afterglow.springcloud.service;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
@Component
@FeignClient(value = "CLOUD-PROVIDER-HYSTRIX-PAYMENT")
public interface PaymentHystrixService {
@GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}")
public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id);
@GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/out/{id}")
public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id);
}
***********Controller************
package fun.afterglow.springcloud.controller;
import fun.afterglow.springcloud.service.PaymentHystrixService;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
@RestController
public class OrderHyrixController {
@Resource
private PaymentHystrixService paymentHystrixService;
@GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}")
public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_OK(id);
}
@GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/out/{id}")
public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_TimeOut(id);
}
}
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